Структура лекции в английском
Все лекции в английском выстраиваются по определенной схеме. Преподаватели, которые проводят лекции, так или иначе стараются систематизировать материал по данной схеме. Почему это важно? Потому что на международных экзамена на частях Reading и Listening, а в некоторых экзаменах и на частях Speaking, Writing (когда нужно слушать лекцию и пересказывать ее или изложить письменно, синтезировав информацию) присутствует формат лекций. Чтобы эффективно отвечать на вопросы, ОЧЕНЬ ВАЖНО опираться на принятый формат.
Формат лекции состоит из Introduction (вступления), Body Paragraphs, и иногда Conclusion (заключение).
Пример лекции
Lecture: The Evolution of Ansel Adams’s Photographic Vision
Ansel Adams (1902–1984) stands as a foundational figure in American photography, renowned primarily for his evocative captures of the American West. His artistic journey was not static; rather, it was characterized by a profound transformation in style and philosophy that mirrored broader shifts in 20th-century art. The significance of Adams’s contribution to landscape photography lies in his transition from the experimental manipulation of Pictorialism to the disciplined precision of “pure” photography, a shift that redefined the medium as an independent art form.
The initial phase of Adams’s career was heavily influenced by Pictorialism, a movement that sought to elevate photography by emulating the aesthetic qualities of traditional painting. Inspired by the Impressionist movement, Adams utilized specific techniques to create “pleasing” images through intentional blurring and manipulation. At this stage, photography was seen as an effort to change appearances rather than merely document reality. Techniques such as soft focus were applied to make subjects appear more artistic, often involving alterations after the photograph was developed. A notable example from this era is the photograph “Monolith,” where Adams employed a red lens filter to transform the sky into a stark black, achieving a dramatic effect reminiscent of a painting.
In his later career, Adams underwent a significant transition by joining Group f/64 and adopting the philosophy of “pure” photography. This period marked a complete rejection of his earlier pictorialist leanings in favor of a style that demanded the representation of a moment without any technical alteration. Group f/64 emphasized that photography should not struggle to imitate other art forms but should instead remain a transparent medium for capturing time. This approach focused on representing natural beauty in its most authentic and unadorned state. This shift is perfectly encapsulated in his famous photograph of the moon rising over a village in New Mexico, which relies on the raw beauty of the moment rather than artistic manipulation.
Давайте резберем структуру Вступления (Introduction)
Вступление состоит из 2-х частей – общая идея и самое важное предложение во всем тексте – тезис (Thesis), который стоит или последним или предпоследний во вступлении.
Первая часть – General Idea
В General Idea может размещаться определение главного термина, временные исторические предпосылки, даваться динамика развития проблемы.
Вторая часть – Thesis
Вторая часть – самое главное предложение во всей лекции – последнее или предпоследнее предложение –Thesis.
Thesis – это то, о чем будет весь текст.
Пример вступления:
Introduction
Ansel Adams (1902–1984) stands as a foundational figure in American photography, renowned primarily for his evocative captures of the American West. His artistic journey was not static; rather, it was characterized by a profound transformation in style and philosophy that mirrored broader shifts in 20th-century art. Thesis: The significance of Adams’s contribution to landscape photography lies in his transition from the experimental manipulation of Pictorialism to the disciplined precision of “pure” photography, a shift that redefined the medium as an independent art form.
Далее, в каждом Body Paragraph размещена причина, фактор, характеристика, которая доказывает то, что написано в Thesis.
Структура Основного Абзаца (Body Paragraph)
Первая часть – Первое предложение – Topic Sentence – главная идея параграфа. Все в параграфе работает на это предложение.
Вторая часть – Второе, иногда и третье, предложение – Elaboration – объяснение, уточнение первого предложения, что имелось в виду под характеристикой, причиной, упомянутой в Top Sentence.
Третья часть – Example. В третьей части Body Paragraph размещен пример, который призван доказать Top Sentence, первое предложение Body Paragraph.
Заметка: пример всегда начинаем с какого-нибудь маркера – for example, for instance, compelling example of that, to illustrate.
Body Paragraphs может быть несколько, лектор обычно приводит несколько фактов, которые доказывают Thesis.
Пример структуры Основного Абзаца (Body Paragraph)
Body Paragraph 1:
Topic Sentence: The initial phase of Adams’s career was heavily influenced by Pictorialism, a movement that sought to elevate photography by emulating the aesthetic qualities of traditional painting.
Elaboration: Inspired by the Impressionist movement, Adams utilized specific techniques to create “pleasing” images through intentional blurring and manipulation. At this stage, photography was seen as an effort to change appearances rather than merely document reality. Techniques such as soft focus were applied to make subjects appear more artistic, often involving alterations after the photograph was developed.
Example: A notable example from this era is the photograph “Monolith,” where Adams employed a red lens filter to transform the sky into a stark black, achieving a dramatic effect reminiscent of a painting.
Body Paragraph 2:
Topic Sentence: In his later career, Adams underwent a significant transition by joining Group f/64 and adopting the philosophy of “pure” photography.
Elaboration: This period marked a complete rejection of his earlier pictorialist leanings in favor of a style that demanded the representation of a moment without any technical alteration. Group f/64 emphasized that photography should not struggle to imitate other art forms but should instead remain a transparent medium for capturing time. This approach focused on representing natural beauty in its most authentic and unadorned state.
Example: This shift is perfectly encapsulated in his famous photograph of the moon rising over a village in New Mexico, which relies on the raw beauty of the moment rather than artistic manipulation.
Conclusion
Заключение может присутствовать, а может и не присутствовать в лекции.
Заключение содержит перефразированный Thesis и Top Sentences.
